Do Computers Increase Or Decrease Social Connection Essay

Do Computers Increase Or Decrease Social Connection - Essay Example The data correspondence advancements have helped in forming the considerations and activities in manners that influenced the lives of individuals legitimately. The revelation of voice over web convention has made it conceivable to make web calls adequately. The general public has figured out how to see new machines, not as unimportant items to be bought, yet facilitators of a bigger framework. This is controlled by how usable the machines are in meeting the desires for the general public. The importance appended to machines or mechanical advancements needs to make life simpler for them to be pertinent to the standard society. Students of history contend that new machines are not really coercive operators that power individuals into social changes. Be that as it may, in the ongoing past, the advancements in the data correspondence innovation have had a coercive impact in the social part of correspondence. A convincing model in the effect of online life in the presidential whines in th e United States of America. The web based life have assumed a noteworthy job in the achievement of the Arab spring. The quality of availability that has originated from the most recent data advances can't be underestimated2. PCs are seen as specialists of office effectiveness. Nonetheless, it is contended that PCs have been known to mess eye up, back clutters and time wastage in the event of programming disappointment. As per the American assembling relationship, of the associations that diminished staff because of computerization, 24 percent endured misfortunes while 43 percent raised profits3. Through innovation, individuals can contemplate degree programs and go to classes in a virtual environment. A speaker can encourage a class of individuals with is in various pieces of the globe. In any case, web based learning can't... This paper affirms that innovation implies various things to various social gatherings. The proprietors of the supercomputers are assessed to be in various social levels with the proprietors of work stations. The proprietors of supercomputers are seen to be set up and occupied with significant level mechanical tasks. There are qualities that decide the agreeability of innovation or figuring. The more they are embraced, the more they build up their helpfulness. This is generally showed in the system innovations. The selling purpose of advances must be the straightforwardness to embrace and the pertinence in the prompt utilization. There has been a perception that after individuals receives an innovation, they create with it. They redesign as the innovation overhauls, and it turns out to be difficult to change them to another innovation. This report makes an end that media belief systems around one medium influence the media philosophies about different media. Face book and tweeter have had a significant impact in the manner various gatherings impart. The online life clients can send messages and offer data continuously. Ongoing improvements have seen the internet based life engaged to encourage video calls. It isn't evident whether web-based social networking is an official strategy for correspondence. In any case, the heaviness of the messages passed via web-based networking media relies upon the gatherings in question and the proposed message. Little changes in innovation can wind up changing the manners by which individuals circle data. Innovation is quickly inclining towards improved availability. Cell phone is currently a methods for correspondence and internetworking. Most researchers talk about new types of developing association innovations, which have been based upon the current advancements.

The extent of gender fatigue transpiring within the workplace, and the Dissertation

The degree of sex weariness coming to pass inside the working environment, and the manners in which it tends to be survived - Dissertation Example The main suitable clarification for the decrying sexual orientation medicines is sex weakness. It is presumed that the two casualties and administrators need to overlook sexual orientation weariness and manage occurrences of sex imbalance mindfully to void the risks of sex correspondence losing ground. List of chapters Abstract 2 Introduction 4 Research Questions 5 Statement of the Problem 5 Significance of the Study 6 Aims and Objectives of the Study 7 Research Methodology 8 A Review of Literature 8 Gender Inequality in the Work Place 8 Why Gender Inequality Exists in Some Organizations 10 Gender Fatigue as the Driving Force Behind Gender Inequality in the Workplace 12 Results and Analysis 15 Conclusion 18 Bibliography 20 Introduction Gender weakness is an expression used to portray stagnation and smug perspectives toward changes and calls for sexual orientation equity (Dehhehy, 2012). Beginning proof of sex weariness was available during the 1980s when women's activists were depict ed out in the open talk as animation characters and as harsh ladies without humor who anticipated a conviction that all men were â€Å"pigs† and all â€Å"women are saints’ and that â€Å"women who remain at home are squandering their lives† (Sadker and Zittleman, 2009, p. 52). Kelan (2009) offers articulation to sexual orientation weariness in the work environment portraying it as a circumstance in which associations are self-depicted as â€Å"gender neutral†, yet there is proof of sex segregation and the common mentality is one in which there is a general inclination that sex separation is relic of times gone by and â€Å"can happen,† however it is dependent upon ladies to discover arrangements (p. 197). Kelan (2008) likewise contends that individuals from an association will frequently portray their separate associations as â€Å"gender neutral† in spite of the fact that it is clear to all that there is sexual orientation segregation (p. 1). Laborers will recognize that sexual orientation separation happens in the working environment yet will forget about it as insignificant to the work that they do. As indicated by Kelan (2008), this is proof that these laborers are â€Å"experiencing sexual orientation fatigue† and that they are â€Å"weary of pondering sex inequality† (p. 1). Kelan (2010) brings up that the act of accomplishing sex at work adopts double strategies in which sex fairness is built up and compared against a circumstance where sexual orientation contrasts are indeed articulated. For instance, an undertaking is generally acted in which sexual orientation uniformity is featured and this will be trailed by the allotment of â€Å"remedial work, through which sex hierarch is re-established† (Kelan, 2010, p. 176). This examination study explores the issues made by sex weakness in the work place. Specifically, this examination study is worried about the overall demeanor in associations that take the position that they are sexually impartial, yet sex imbalance stays a piece of the authoritative culture. In these conditions, depicted as sexual orientation weakness, this examination paper tries to distinguish how the issues related with accomplishing sex uniformity because of sex exhaustion inside associations can be survived. Research Questions In request to examine the issue of sexual orientation exhaustion in associations and how sex weariness can be defeated to

What Kind of Research Topics Are Best For High School Research Papers?

What Kind of Research Topics Are Best For High School Research Papers?There are hundreds of high school research topics. For those who are into finding the right research topic to apply for a research paper, there are still plenty to choose from. Each year, hundreds of students apply for college and high school scholarships or need funds for college.The research topics that are usually offered for scholarships or need-based grants have to do with the topic on a college transcript. There are some high schools that offer research topics for high school research papers. Research topics in high school are not just limited to those on a transcript.As students move along in their studies, they may want to think about trying a topic that is on current events. The papers that they write in the high school can benefit them in the future. Whether they get the grant or the scholarship, they will be able to learn the knowledge on the current events through the research.Student may also want to c onsider topics from various news outlets. The research topics for high school can come from the media and show how current events are related to the subject. Students are given topics for the papers to cover different aspects of the current events.In addition to the topics that are given out, there are some subjects that could also benefit students. Being considered as the best research topics for high school can also come from writing the research papers themselves. They should be able to focus on the research itself, rather than on what others think about it.There are also a lot of research topics that have to do with the current events that are taking place with regards to society, government, politics, and more. The student may want to be creative about coming up with the topic for their research paper. The main point is to come upwith topics that will benefit them to go forward.There are also some things that may be beneficial for students to study if they want to have the topi c of the research paper focus on current events and current affairs. Some students may be interested in how to apply for scholarships, find out about government programs, and what benefits there are. The student should think about how they would apply for scholarships and then how they would find out about the government programs.The best research topics for high school will be ones that they can find helpful, but are also able to write in a way that focuses on current events. The students should make sure that the topic that they choose to focus on is something that will help them to apply for the research scholarship or need-based scholarship. It is also important to think about the best research topics for high school because it will be a part of their college or career when they are older.

My Struggle With Worry and Anxiety - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1852 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/03/26 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Anxiety Essay Did you like this example? Something I have struggled with ever since I was young is worry. I was homeschooled for a large portion of my life, and finally attended a brick-and-mortar school in 2nd grade. I would experience constant worry throughout the two years I was there. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "My Struggle With Worry and Anxiety" essay for you Create order I would worry about almost anything and everything. It could be a test, something I said at recess, an event I am going to after school: it didnt matter what it was I worried. It got so bad in third grade that I worried to the point I was physically ill and was sent home vomiting. My worry had changed to what I believe was anxiety. Anxiety has three main components: emotional, physiological, and cognitive (Marques, 2018). For me, all three of these behaviors were present: worry being my cognitive response, my emotional being many things including fear, while my physiological was vomiting (along with sweating and shaking). My mother quickly removed me from school after 3rd grade and homeschooled me. I improved, but not because I had learned how to deal with my worry and anxiety but because I was removed from the situations. For years afterword, I struggled with worry and anxiety. There were times I would again bring myself to the point of physical illness obsessing over something that had happened in the past or could happen in the future. I remember times when I would bring myself to the point of shaking, and hyperventilating. This lasted up until my junior year of high school, where I re-entered the brick-and-mortar school system. In that environment I had to learn to deal with this behavior, because if I didnt I knew that I wouldnt succeed in school. My old behaviors didnt go away completely its just wasnt as extreme to where it impacted my daily life (therefore, no longer anxiety type symptoms vomiting, shaking, sweating). Today, this behavior is again becoming a problem. I now, again, get so worried my stomach knots up and often to deal with these emotions I use food. This is not the way I want my life to continue: its damaging to me physically and psychologically. Eating junk food when I am worrie d leads to me gaining weight which effects my confidence and self-esteem. Not only that, but overall because I am unhealthy I feel terrible: tired, weak, and unable to focus like I should. Then all of this brings me to feel emotionally drained and unable to handle normal everyday interactions with the ease that I used to (not to mention I am now feeling a deep sadness throughout most of my days). I have had too many nights this past year where I have just broken down and been unable to function because my anxiety and worry got out of control, and I couldnt stand it any longer. As I get older, if I dont take care of this now, its only going to get worse. One thing that I discovered through this term was that I could relate to neuroticism at a certain level. In the book, there are two tables of The Five Factor Model traits and what they consist of and in the neuroticism row worry and anxiety is present. Neuroticism has quite a few different factors, including: being insecure, feeling inadequate, and being hypochondrial (Diener Lucas, 2016, p. 372). Other factors include being depressed or getting angry (Diener Lucas, 2016, p. 373). I experience many these factors in varying degrees (though anger isnt a true struggle for me) and they are often a part of my daily life. I tend to, respond emotionally to events that would not affect most people, and [my] reactions tend to be more intense than normal (Five factor test Result, n.d.). The worst out of all the behaviors associated with neuroticism is my worry. I worry about a lot of things in my life: from how I might have done on an assignment, to one comment I made to somebody three days ago and if they took it the wrong way. Worrying over these things can last for days. Worry isnt the only thing that I can relate to with neuroticism, but its the one I am focusing on in my life right now. One site I found states how one who has neuroticism may experience worry due to a need for perfectionism and I think this may be the root of many of my struggles (Waude, 2017). My academic life is a big area where I struggle with perfectionism. I will often worry about how well I am going to do on something before the assignment/test has even been started. And it often is hard for me to accept in my daily life that: yes, I did do my best. This can be something that trips me up at work a lot, and it can make my day a miserable one. My mistakes are something I obsess over, when I do something successfully I cant enjoy it because I am concerned about whats next, and I often think that people wont like me if Im not perfect enough or good enough for them (Tabaka, 2017). These are all ex amples of how I worry over my perfectionism. I have often looked back on my worry and wondered how it came to be in the first place. Its the age-old nurture vs nature question. Was I born with a susceptibility to worry or is it something I learned from my experiences. As the psychologist Amy Przeworski, PhD states, Individuals inherit a predisposition to being an anxious person, [and] about 30 to 40 percent of the variability is related to genetic factors (Van, 2015). The textbook also states that, No single gene directly causes anxiety or panic, but our genes may make us more susceptible to anxiety and influence how our brains react to stress (Drabant et al., 2012; Gelernter Stein, 2009; Smoller, Block, Young, 2009) (Barlow Ellard, 2016, 424). Although some of what I experience may be genetic, I believe much of my behavior is something I learned growing up. It is important when investigating a behavior I want to change, to look at where in my life it may have been learned. I can engage in autobiographical reasoning to aide in this search: this means that I look at my past and what I have gone through to create an explanation for the behavior or what I am doing with my life in the present or plan to in the future (McAdams, 2016, 412). I think that one huge contributor to this behavior is my mothers influence. She is a constant worrier and has been for as long as I can remember. When my father lost his job when I was in middle school, she verbally expressed her fear and panic about how we were going to have to give the dogs away, sell our clothes, and live on the streets. It wasnt uncommon for her to see the worst-case scenario in her panic, and often it was her children she told those to. This is one example, but most definitely not the only one I was privy to throughout my life. An experience in my childhood that may have also helped guide to me where I am today in my perfectionism is that my father very rarely expressed approval or pride in my sister and me. The only times I was praised by him was wh en I came home with a good grade on an assignment or did something particularly great and so that became something I craved. The better I did, the more praise I could acquire. Knowing what experiences in my life has led me to worry the way I do doesnt necessarily change anything. It doesnt stop me from continuing such behavior, but paired with my motivation to change it, it can help me see which areas in my life I need to work on so that I dont worry like I have been. My perfectionism, as I have states above, is something that feeds into my worry. A good place to start in focusing on this behavior and training myself to better deal with it would be to remind myself that I am doing my best, and that is all I can do. What happens afterword will just happen, and it can be something I learn from or choose to wallow in. I worry so much about the what ifs, when there is no guarantee any of those worries will come true. One way to combat this might be to understand and accept that worrying wont change anything, and maybe even repeat my worries repeatedly in my head or out loud until they dont hold the same power over me (Mann, n.d.). If self-treatment doesnt work , considering how long this behavior has continued, I could always investigate cognitive behavioral therapy. Im not going to sugar coat it: even in the years my worrying wasnt horrendous, it still wasnt good. I would even say that it was never taken care of (even during my junior year as stated above), as much as the stress I was under wasnt so bad that my worrying and anxiety became chronic issues after high school. As I grow up, there is going to be more and more stressors in my life they arent things I can just hope will go away. I must deal with how I respond to those stressors, and I dont think I have ever truly done that. I can try to self-treat my behavior, but if I need help: there is no shame in that. I doubt I would ever need a psychotropic drug, but if it was considered whats best for me I dont think I would say no. I am just at that point in my life where it has almost become too miserable to say no to treatment. I think tomorrow may be a good day to start attempting to control how much anxiety I am experiencing. The reason I state tomorrow, is because this week is going to be the most stressful week of this term. I have a review from the state of Oregon coming up at work, I have plenty of assignments to submit, and all my bills are coming up. This week is the perfect time to do everything I can to calm myself down, accept things how they are, and move on. Breathing exercises may help me, by slowing my heart rate and sending oxygen to my brain, I am giving my mind time to come to terms with what is coming up. I can then repeat in my mind what it is I am worried about, and strive to accept the inevitably of the situation and that I can only do the best I can and learn from any mistakes I may make. If these exercises dont work, maybe I can look into yoga classes. If my symptoms dont subside after a length of time (within half a year), and I have looked up all the solutions I can, it may be time to talk to my doctor and schedule an appointment with a therapist in town.

Calculating And Evaluating Example For Free - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2836 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Corporate finance is the field of finance dealing with financial decisions that business enterprises make and the tools and analysis used to make these decisions. Corporate finance is one of the most important areas of finance which takes into account all the financial decision taken by corporate enterprises.The primary goal of corporate finance is to maximize corporate value while managing the firms financial risks. Although it is in principle different from managerial finance which studies the financial decisions of all firms, rather than corporations alone, the main concepts in the study of corporate finance are applicable to the financial problems of all kinds of firms. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Calculating And Evaluating Example For Free" essay for you Create order It also deals with the tools and techniques used to make these decisions. One of the main objectives of corporate finance is to maximize the corporate value. Corporate finance also takes into account the financial risks faced by the firm while maximizing the corporate value. Corporate finance is different from managerial fianceacute;. Corporate finance deals only with the corporate whereas managerial finance deals with almost all the firms. Capital Investment Decisions: The goal of the corporate sector is to maximize return on investing in projects which have a positive Net Present Value. Capital investment decision is composed of : 1. Investment Decision 2. The Dividend Decision Working Capital Management: This type of corporate finance is used the management of the current assets of the company. It also deals with short term financing such that the cash flows and return are acceptable. Financial Risk Management: Financial Risk Management is vital for Corp orate Finance. It basically highlights the risks that are to be hedged by the use of different financial instruments. The financial instruments are changes in the commodity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and stock prices. Derivatives like options, future contracts, forward contracts and swaps are used as instruments of financial risk management. Introduction to Corporate Finance is simply dealt with acquisition of resources and allocation of resources. Get an introductory part on Corporate Finance. Corporate Financial Services are mainly of asset based lending, cash flow lending and second lien loans. Corporate Financial Management is an important tool in managing the working capital of a company. Find the process of managing the corporate finance. PepsiCo The world leading firm in snack food industry and the second in the soft drink industry. It has more than 200 product available in the market in and around the world. It invents many ideas and designs to p romote and improve itself. The company is listed in the London stock exchange. The major competitor of pepsico is coca cola which is the leading brand in the soft drink industry and maintains a larger share than pepsico. 2.Net Debt Ratio of PEPSI CO L*= (D+PVOL-CMS)/ (NP+D+PVOL-CMS) D=Market value of Total Debt= $9453 PVOL=Present Value of Operating Lease (5 times the annual rental expense) =479*5= $2395 CMS=Cash and Marketable Securities=($1498*25%)+$1498= 1123.50 NP=No. Of common shares* common stock price=788*55.87=$44025.56 L*= (D+PVOL-CMS)/ (NP+D+PVOL-CMS) L*= (9453+2395-1123.50)/ (44025.56+9453+2395-1123.50) = 10724.50/ 54750.06 = 0.20 3.Ratio Calculation of PepsiCo and Comparable Firms Interest Coverage Ratio Interest coverage Ratio is used to analysis the firms debt-servicing ability. The ratio indicates the number of times the company can make the payment of the interest charges are available funds. A higher ratio is desirable for every company, but as the ratio increases the risk also increases for the company indicating conservative nature of the firm in using debt. A lower ratio indicates excessive use of debt or inefficient operations. Interest coverage  is a financial ratio which helps the company in providing a quick glance of companys ability to pay the interest charges on its debt. It also tells the company about the number of times the company can pay interest from the available earnings which acts as a safety margin for a particular period for the company. Pepsi Co Interest Coverage Ratio= Earning before Interest and Tax(EBIT)/ Interest = $3114/ $682 = 4.57 Cadbury Schweppes Interest Coverage Ratio= Earning before Interest and Tax (EBIT)/ Interest = $ 661/ $135 = 4.90 Coca- Cola Interest Coverage Ratio= Earning before Interest and Tax(EBIT)/ Interest = $4600/ $272 = 16.91 Coca- Cola Entreprises Interest Coverage Ratio= Earning before Interest and Tax(EBIT)/ Interest = $471/ $ 326 = 1.44 McDonalds Interest Coverage Ratio= Earning before Interest and Tax(EBIT)/ Interest = $2509/ $ 340 = 7.38 Comparing the Interest coverage ratio of PepsiCo with other companies, PepsiCo has a good ratio which is neither high nor low, which indicates that the company is operating efficiently and is not conservative in using Debt. Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio A ratio that indicates a firms ability to satisfy fixed financing expenses, such as interest and leases. The fixed charge coverage ratio is especially important for firms that extensively lease equipment. EBIT, Taxes, and Interest Expense are taken from the companys income statement. Lease Payments are taken from the balance sheet and are usually shown as a footnote on the balance sheet. The result of the fixed charge coverage ratio is the number of times the company can cover its fixed charges per year. A Ratio which is higher to 1 indicates that the company is able to payoff its fixed expenses and lower ratio shows that the company is unable clear its fixed expenses. It is calculated as follows: EBIT + Fixed charge/ Fixed charge + Interest Pepsi co Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = EBIT + Fixed charge/ Fixed charge + Interest = $ 3114+ $479/ $479+ $ 682 =$ 3593/ $ 1161 =$ 3.09 Cadbury Schweppes Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = EBIT + Fixed charge/ Fixed charge + Interest = $ 661+$25/ $25+$ 135 = $686/$ 160 =$ 4.29 Coca- Cola Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = EBIT + Fixed charge/ Fixed charge + Interest =$ 4600+$ 0/$0 +$ 272 =$ 16.91 Coca- Cola Enterprise Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = EBIT + Fixed charge/ Fixed charge + Interest =$ 471+$ 31/$ 31+$ 326 =$ 502/ $ 357 =$1.41 McDonalds Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio = EBIT + Fixed charge/ Fixed charge + Interest =$ 2509+$ 498/$ 498+$ 340 =$ 3009/ $ 838 =$ 3.59 The ratios indicate that all the companies are showing a positive sign that they are able to payoff the fixed expenses which they incur every year. The companies with higher than 1 indicates the ability to pay the fixed charges that the company incur. Long Term Debt Ratio This ratio is calculated to determine the companys leverage. Here the companies long term debt and the shareholders equity is taken into consideration for the calculation. Long term debt ratio shows what proportion of debt and equity the firm is using to finance its assets to run the operation of the company. If the company uses more debt finance to run the operations of the business, the company can generate more earnings. Higher the ratio, higher is the companies leverage, but the companies with more long term debt are a liability to the company and therefore it is risky. It is calculated as follows: Long term debt / Shareholders Equity Pepsi Co Long Term Debt Ratio = Long term debt / Shareholders Equity = $ 8747/ $ 1498 = 5.84 Cadbury Schweppes Long Term Debt Ratio = Long term debt / Shareholders Equity =$ 864/$ 129 =6.70 Coca- Cola Long Term Debt Ratio = Long term debt / Shareholders Equity =$ 1141/$ 1315 =0.87 Coca- Cola Enterprises Long Term Debt Ratio = Long term debt / Shareholders Equity =$ 4138/$ 8 = 517.25 McDonalds Long Term Debt Ratio = Long term debt/ Shareholders Equity =$ 4258/$ 335 =12.71 Here the comparison indicates that the only PepsiCo has an average level leverage of the company, which is neither too risky nor safe. This can also said as ideal leverage level compared to the risk that other companies bare. This ratio also indicates the risk which the company face while using the debt financing for investment activities. If the company is not able to generate enough cash flows, its risk of bankruptcy is higher which with shatter the business of the company. Total debt to Adjusted Total Capitalisation The long term debt to total capitalisation ratio indicates the proportion of long term debt invested in the total asset of the company. For the calculation, the total long term debt and the shareholders equity are taken into consideration. A major difference from the traditional debt-to-equity ratio is that,  this ratio compares the proportion of a companys long-term debt compared to its available capital. With this ratio, investors can identify the  amount of leverage  utilized by the company and compare it  to others to help analyze the companys risk exposure. Companies  with a greater portion of their capital with the debt are considered riskier than those with lower leverage ratios. Total debt to adjusted total capitalization helps in measuring the performance of a company on a risk-adjusted basis calculation. This ratio helps the company in showing the financial leverage. This ratio is the variation of Long term debt ratio or the traditional debt-equity ratio. Tot al debt to adjusted total capitalization computes the proportion of companys total debt with its available capital. By using this ratio, investors can identify the  amount of leverage  utilized by a specific company and compare it  to others to help analyze the companys risk exposure. It is calculated as follows: Total Debt/ Total Debt + Common Stock Pepsi Co Total Debt to Adjusted Total Capitalisation= Total Debt/ Total Debt + Common Stock = $ 9453/ $9453+$ 1498 =$ 9453/ $ 10951 =0.86 Cadbury Schweppes Total Debt to Adjusted Total Capitalisation= Total Debt/ Total Debt + Common Stock =$ 1490/ $ 1490+ $ 129 =$ 1490/ $ 1619 =0.92 Coca-Cola Total Debt to Adjusted Total Capitalisation= Total Debt/ Total Debt + Common Stock =$ 1693/ $ 1693+ $1315 =$ 1693/ $ 3008 =0.56 Coca- Cola Enterprises Total Debt to Adjusted Total Capitalisation= Total Debt/ Total Debt + Common Stock =$ 4201/$ 4201 + $ 8 =$ 4201/ $ 4209 =1 McDonalds Total Debt to Adjusted Total Capitalisation= Total Debt/ Total Debt + Common Stock =$ 4836/ $ 4836+$ 335 =$ 4836/ $ 5171 =0.94 The ratios of the companies are having the same position with Cadbury with the ratio in highest position with 0.92 and Coca Cola with 0.56 as the lowest. It indicates that Coca Cola is the lowest riskier company among all in the list. Ratio of Cash Flow to Long- term Debt Ratio of Cash flow to long term debt indicates the available fund with the company payoff the companies long term debts. Higher is the ratio, higher will be the ability of the company to pay the total debt with the cash generation with its operations. A lower ratio will indicate debt or a weak cash flow generation of the company. This has to be investigated by the company to know the factor the low ratio and this ratio can be compared with the historic data so that the root cause can be found. It is calculated as follows: Cash Flow/ Long Term Debt Pepsi Co Ratio of cash flow to long term debt=Cash Flow/ Long Term Debt =$ 3742/ $ 8747 =0.43 Cadbury Schweppes Ratio of cash flow to long term debt=Cash Flow/ Long Term Debt =$ 492/ $ 864 =0.57 Coca-Cola Ratio of cash flow to long term debt=Cash Flow/ Long Term Debt =$ 3115/ $ 1141 =2.73 Coca- Cola Enterprises Ratio of cash flow to long term debt=Cash Flow/ Long Term Debt =$ 644/ $ 4138 = 0.16 McDonalds Ratio of cash flow to long term debt=Cash Flow/ Long Term Debt =$ 2296/ $ 4258 =0.54 The ratios indicates that the company need to investigate on the cause behind the lower ratio. other companies are also indicating a low ratio. This can be a serious issue for the companys in the future if this is not rectified in the initial stage of occurrence. The company are facing this situation for more year have to identify the cause with comparative study using the historical data of the company so as to get a clear picture of the scenario. The Ratio of Cash Flow to Total Debt Ratio of cash flow to total debt indicates the companys ability to pay the total debt with the cash available from its yearly operations. Total debt is the sum of short term and long term debt of the company. Higher is the ratio, higher will be the ability of the company to pay the total debt with the cash generation with its operations. A lower ratio will indicate debt or a weak cash flow generation of the company. This has to be investigated by the company to know the factor the low ratio and this ratio can be compared with the historic data so that the root cause can be found. It is calculated as follows: Cash Flow/ Total Debt Pepsi Co The Ratio of cash flow to total debt=Cash Flow/ Total Debt =$ 3742/ $ 9453 = 0.40 Cadbury Schweppes The Ratio of cash flow to total debt=Cash Flow/ Total Debt =$ 492/ $ 1490 =0.33 Coca-Cola The Ratio of cash flow to total debt=Cash Flow/ Total Debt =$ 3115/ $ 1693 =1.84 Coca- Cola Enterprises The Ratio of cash flow to total debt=Cash Flow/ Total Debt =$ 644/ $ 4201 =0.15 McDonalds The Ratio of cash flow to total debt=Cash Flow/ Total Debt =$ 2296/ $ 4836 =0.47 The ratios indicate that the company with lower ratio need to investigate on the cause behind the lower ratio. There are other companies also which have low ratio. This can be a serious issue for the companys in the future if this is not rectified in the initial stage of occurrence. Net Debt Ratio of PEPSI CO L*= (D+PVOL-CMS)/ (NP+D+PVOL-CMS) D=Market value of Total Debt= $9453 PVOL=Present Value of Operating Lease (5 times the annual rental expense) =479*5= $2395 CMS=Cash and Marketable Securities=($1498*25%)+$1498= 1123.50 NP=No. Of common shares* common stock price=788*55.87=$44025.56 L*= (D+PVOL-CMS)/ (NP+D+PVOL-CMS) L*= (9453+2395-1123.50)/ (44025.56+9453+2395-1123.50) = 10724.50/ 54750.06 = 0.20 or 20% PepsiCo measures a good financial leverage on the above ratios. Here, the company has a net debt ratio of 20% which states that the organization is maintaining a handle on their finances in a good manner which help them maintain a proper financial control of the activities. PepsiCos objective to maintain a single A debt rating for the net debt ratio is satisfactory and reasonable since the standard is set in and between 20-25% and the net debt ratio falls in 20% for the firm. 4. Conclusion A firm should maintain the corporate financial activities of the firm in the controllable and satisfactory manner so that the company is able to plan and workout its future activites in the current situations and plan which help the firm to carry out the activities. The interest coverage ratio, the calculation indicates that coca cola is using higher level of their earnings for their operations. Though higher ratio is desirable but this also indicates that the company is conservative in using debt, which is a narrow idea or notion that the company has about itself. In the fixed charge coverage ratio, the ability of the company or firm to clear its yearly fixed expenses that the company incur are to be cleared, here the ratios shows that coca cola enterprise is not able to pay off its expenses when compared to other four firms and the higher ability to payoff the expenses is coca cola with 16.91, which is highly a positive sign when compared with other companies. The company w ith the ratio in between the coca cola and coca cola enterprise are maintaining a kind of equilibrium with the expenses. In the long term debt, the ratios show the company leverage, here the company leverage for the coca cola enterprise is with a risk that the company is having too many long term debt which is a risk for the firm operation. Company with lower long term debt indicates the higher leverage level for them to carryout the firms operations and also without any risk of bankruptcy. Total debt to total capitalisation ratio indicates the total debt in the capitalisation of the company, the higher the portion will be the higher risk to the company. Here, the calculation shows that the coca cola is with lower risk of total debt to capitalisation. The higher portion is shared by the coca cola enterprises, which is a sign of risk to the company. The company should investigate the root cause of the problem so that the company can sustain itself from the risk in the market. T he company take the historical data to calculate the cause and come out with solution for the risk. Ratio of cash flow to long term debt shows the availability of the cash with the company to clear the long term debt of the company. Here in the calculation the coca cola is 2.73 ratio which indicates that the company is having sufficient amount of cash flow with which it an clear the long term debt of the company. And the lower ratio is shown by the coca cola enterprise, which is indeed at risk as the company will not be able to pay the older debt and will accumulate more of debt for running the operation. The company need to be careful about the new debt which they are going to take from the financial institutions etc. Ratio of cash flow total debt indicates the ability to pay the total debt of the company with the cash flow from its operations. Here in the calculation, coca cola enterprise is making a ratio of 0.15, which indicates that the company is not able to pay its tota l debt with the cash generated from the yearly operation. The company needs to restructure its financial activities so that the company will be able to function properly and successfully. The coca cola company is making a higher ratio in the available firms which indicates the company is able to pay its total debt with the cash they generate every year. Here the ratio shows the company is handling the financial activities in the right manner and controlling the activities. All the ratios calculated are in the average which shows that the ratios are average and companies are functioning with the single A debt rating which makes the investment decision in the right direction and also minimum with high returns.

Part 1 Exemplars Math Rubric And Exemplars Reading Rubric.

Part 1: Exemplars Math Rubric and Exemplars Reading Rubric How does the Exemplars criteria for both math and reading rubrics follow a top-down or bottom-up approach? How do you know? Exemplars scoring rubrics are excellent tools for assessing student work. One clear thing about the rubrics is that both math and reading rubrics follow a top-down approach in assessing students. In math, for instance, the strategy is chosen first (Brookhart, 2013). â€Å"Exemplars math material comprises standards-based rubrics, which define what work meets a standard, and allows teachers (and students) to distinguish between different performance levels.† Students’ work are already predetermined and the teaching style provide them with a large view of the†¦show more content†¦The practitioners are given an opportunity to classify students from novice to expert, which enables the practitioner to work well and design instruction to every student (or group) based on their performance level. In your opinion, what are the values placed on using the terminology for mastery (Novice, Apprentice, Practitioner, and Expert)? In other words, how effective do you believe this terminology is and why? This terminology is actually very effective to both the instructor and the student. For one, it is a clear indication of the student’s level of performance which helps the instructor know where to begin from and helps the student to not only gauge his/her abilities but move along well with the practitioner. Moreover, this give the teacher an easy time in measuring the need to assess the student performance equivalent to standards, which makes assessments less stressful. Part 2: Explain the position Brookhart argues in Chapter 2 against rubrics that merely summarize the requirements of the task, as opposed to rubrics that describe evidence of learning. In chapter two of the book, Brockhart (2013) comments on different feedback types with classroom examples. 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Aids 3 Essay Example For Students

Aids 3 Essay In 1918 the United States experienced one of the worst epidemics in its history. With 500,000 dead in a matter of 6 months, the Spanish influenza left its mark. With approximately 11.7 million dead worldwide, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(AIDS) is still leaving its mark. It is a pandemic the likes of which the world has always feared to see. The HIV virus comes in several varieties, yet they kill basically the same. Our understanding of this virus and how it works is essential to finding its cure, and to preventing its spread. Who it affects and the reasons for its spreading are also important to fight against it. And finally, what can be done to treat and prevent it is essential. According to the World Health Organization we began to see what AIDS truly was in the late 1970s to early 80s, mostly in men and women with multiple sex partners located in East and Central Africa, but also in bisexuals and homosexuals in specific urban areas of the Americas, Ausrtalasia and Western E urope. Aids was and is spread still through infected hypodermic needles which drug abusers are affected by, but also through transfusion of the blood and its components. And sadly, whenever a mother is infected, the unborn child will almost positively receive the virus before, during, or after the pregnancy. The viruses which cause AIDS, otherwise known as Human Immunodeficiecy Viruses(HIV) were first discovered in 1983 cooperatively by Dr. Robert Gallo of the National Cancer Institute and Dr. Luc Montagnier of the Pasteur Institute in France. Aids is caused mainly by the HIV-1 virus, while the HIV-2 virus is less pronounced among those infected. Scientists are puzzled as to why this dominant HIV-1 virus has 10 different genetic subtypes, some think that it is so the virus will survive no matter what. HIV is part of a group of viruses called retroviruses. This category basically describes how the virus transmits and reproduces itself. Which is to say that upon entering the body the virus attaches itself to a T-4 cell(T-Helper cell), which is the type of cell that marks the bad things in our body so that another cell, the B-lymphocyte, can activate the production of antibodies, which are what would normally kill the virus. So, after attaching itself to this cell it then injects its viral replicating DNA in, which then copies itself on to the cells DNA, thus changing the whole function of the cell from killing the foreign agents which enter our body, to producing more of the virus that will eventually lead to the death of our body, because the cell is then used as a manufacturing plant for the virus. The one cell that entered your body is thus turned into 500, which then turns into 25,000, then 12,500,000. The virus is not strong merely because it replicates, however, it is strong because of what it replicates on, which is the helping cell of your immune system. But the most bizarre thing of the whole virus is that it doesnt kill you. It only weakens your immune system so other viruses and even bacteria can finish the job. The first set of symptoms are called AIDS-related complex(ARC). These symptoms include fever, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. These are only signs that you might have the virus HIV, and are not the full-fledged symptoms of AIDS. The two most common infections seen in AIDS patients are Pneumocystiscarinii Pneumonia(PCP), which is a parasitic infection of the lungs, and Karposis Sarcoma(KS), which is a type of cancer. The purplish dots on the skin that are usually associated with AIDS are from KS. Other common infections are non-Hodgekins lymphoma, primary lymphoma of the brain, severe infections with yeast, zytomegalovirus, herpes, and parasites such as taxoplasma or cryptosporidia. Some neurological disorders are: chronic aseptic meningitis,focal deficits, hallucinations, and progressive dementia. So as one can see any way it can open you up to an infection, is a bad way. The full-blown AIDS patient is usually very fragile and weak, having to be placed in hospital care because they find it hard to breathe. The slightest breeze, sometimes sets their whole body into a shiver that might not go away

The Ice Age Essays - Pleistocene, Mammoth, Permafrost, Tundra

The Ice Age Twenty thousand years ago during the time of the last ice age period, many colossal mammals roamed North America. They survived during the times when much of the earth was covered by immense large bodies of ice that buried forests, fields, and mountains, but rapidly became extinct after the ice began to retreat and melt. Since then the human race has introduced many different theories to explain the extinction of these large mammals. One theory stands above all and explains the truth of this mysterious disappearance. The Paleo Indians that entered North America from Asia, the climate change, soil, vegetation and water levels were all major factors in this extinction. The results of these factors left the biggest impact on the food chain of these animals. The domino-effect of all these factors is responsible for the extinction of the ice age mammals. Animals, like all other living organisms have a tendency to adapt to the environment in which they live. A cold climate favors large animals, since large animals have more body fat and lose heat at a slower rate then do smaller animals. That is why many of the mammals that lived during the ice age were enormous. These large animals consisted of ground sloths and armadillos which came northward from South America, and horses, saber-toothed cats, mammoths, antelopes, and muskoxen that crossed over the land bridge from Asia into North America. For the longest time fossils from many parts of North America were the only evidence that many of these large beasts had once roamed the land, but in the spring of 1846 an unbelievable event happened that brought the world a step closer to the mystery of this great extinction. A Russian explorer Benkendorf and his survey team from Russia were heading for the mouth of the Indigirka River in Siberia. When they reached the spot of their destination, the land had disappeared and everything had changed. Left behind was two miles wide of torn up land, and wild waters carrying rapidly masses of peat and loam. In the mixture of the mess they seemed to notice what was once one of the mammoths who roamed the earth during the ice ages. (Chorlton 53) Our patience was tried. At last, however, a huge black horrible mass bobbed up out of the water. We beheld a colossal elephants head, armed with mighty tusks, its long trunk waving uncannily in the water, as though seeking something it had lost. Breathless with astonishment, I beheld the monster hardly 12 feet away, with the white of his half-open eyes showing. 'A mammoth! A mammoth!' someone shouted. (Chorlton 54) An elephant with a body covered with thick fur about thirteen feet in height and fifteen in length with tusks eight feet long that curved outward at the end. It had a trunk six feet long and colossal legs one and a half feet thick. The beast was fat and well grown. The outer hair was like wool, very soft, warm and thick, it was definitely well protected from the cold.(Chorlton 54) Unfortunately the mammoth soon began to decay and was swept away by the rapid waters. This dramatic find brought the world face to face with one of the great mysteries of the ice age, the sudden extinction of the great colossal mammals. These large mammals at one time lived in peace and survived gracefully for thousands of years, they adapted to the cold climate and tundra surrounding them. With an adequate food chain and nothing to affect it they were bound to survive forever, but because of simple changes that eventually triggered many other factors these animals are extinct and will never be on this earth again. When the massive continental glaciers locked up great quantities of water, the sea levels lowered which exposed parts of the shallow sea floor, therefore, the Bering Strait did not exist. Eleven thousand, years ago many Paleo Indians were able to cross the land bridge between Asia and North American which enabled them to populate North America. The great amount of large animals attracted these people to the frozen waste lands. In all hunting that ends with the extermination of a species, the motivation is never hunger. Money, and the greed for it, have been the incentive. The savage does not know these, he hunts to eat and so is unable to decimate the big game to any important extent (Cornwall 117) The large mammals of North American were never exposed

Pacific Grove Summary Essays

Pacific Grove Summary Essays Pacific Grove Summary Essay Pacific Grove Summary Essay The Pacific Grove Spice Company is currently searching for a new business venture that will help relieve some of the current financial restraints put on the company by their bank. Pacific Grove sources funds through this large regional bank in the form of short-term notes payable (backed by the companys accounts receivable) and long-term debt supported by the firms other assets and earnings power. The bank has been willing to lend up to 81 % of the companys accounts receivable, an amount that Pacific Grove is constantly at the limit of, due to the fact that the company has been experiencing robust growth in sales and assets. Due to the financial crisis of 2008, banks were under constant pressure to limit possible losses on loans. Pacific Groves current total debt is $37. 172 million, which is equal to 62% of its total assets and 216% of owners equity, while the companys equity multiplier is 3. 47 and its times interest earned was only 2. 15 times. Because Pacific Groves total debt is so high, the bank isnt as comfortable with lending as it once was. The bank has made it clear that it would like to Pacific Groves total debt come down to 55%, while bringing the equity multiplier down to less than 2. Times by June 30, 2012. After performing a financial ratio analysis, the executive staff and finance department of Pacific Grove has projected that although it will not meet the banks terms by 201 2, it will meet them over the next four years through a combination of a slow down from previously robust sales growth, the stabilization of operating income and a new business venture. The business venture being cons idered by Pacific Grove is a television program that the company will both produce and sponsor.

Vision of Byzantine Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vision of Byzantine Art - Essay Example This particular piece was painted in the year 1293 and is also known as Cavallini’s masterpiece. Cavallini was considered to be a Roman naturalist and was quite influential to other aspiring artists. Pietro mainly remained in Rome and is said to have lived to have been a hundred years ol at his time of death. Certainly, Byzantine art is otherwise known as Christian or religious-bible based art often depicting Biblical characters including God, the devil and celestial beings such as angels. In the particular piece of Cavallini, the depiction of the concept of the â€Å"last judgment† is depicted. This is of course a Biblically based idea that all humans will stand before God as Saint Peter reads from the book of life to determine who will be admitted into heaven and who will be sentenced to hell for their life-long miss deeds. In much of Byzantine art, saints and important Biblical characters are depicted as wearing an ornate halo type headdress. This is often a symbol of one’s good standing in the Kingdom of God or as more rudimentarily, on the good side. Cavallini’s two individuals are in fact adorned with such halos.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 41

Essay Example However, as one might expect, these alternative views do not appropriately reflect the views of the author herself. Rather, notwithstanding the well-articulated counter arguments and the issue of freedom and legality that they necessarily entail, the author constructs an argument for the complete prohibition at worst and discouragement at best of the burqa within society. As a means of quickly seeking to jar the reader’s attention from the rhetorical strength of those individuals who have come out against legislation banning the veil, Berlinski shifts to the isolated cases of sexual violence that take place in the lawless suburbs of Paris. As a means of distraction this is an effective tactic due to the fact that it instantly congeals the reader’s impression of Islam as naturally given to sexual violence, rape specifically, and depicts the male adherents as little more than sexually deviant thugs who are more than willing to cast aside all decency that a host culture, such as France, may have gifted them as a means of punishing those who dare to show a bit of self expression and freedom of strict Islamic tradition. As a function of shifting the debate from the broad to the specific, the author is able to convince the reader that her specific point of view is the most rational. This rhetorical approach is not unique; however Berlinski ap plies it masterfully. Right after eviscerating Islamic European culture for being broken, immoral, and unrestrained, Berlinski states, â€Å"Yet the burqa must be banned. All forms of veiling must be, if not banned, strongly discouraged and stigmatized† (Berlinski 2). The argument deviates further from the subject matter when Berlinski brings in the topic of gynecological examinations of girls within many of the recent immigrant communities within Europe. Although it is not the function of this author to make a moral judgment with regards to whether or not such a fascination

Doping in Sport and the AFL Policy on Drugs Essay Example for Free

Doping in Sport and the AFL Policy on Drugs Essay Drugs in sport What is it? Drugs in sport or doping is when an athlete takes performance enhancing drugs or any banned substance. The sports that have the most trouble with drugs are Weightlifting, cycling, badminton, boxing, track and field. These athletes take drugs so they can be the best in there sport. One of the most recent cases was American sprinter Marion Jones who won five gold medals in the 2000 Olympics at Sydney, since then she has been stripped of all her medals after admitting that she took performance enhancing drugs in 2007. She had lied in front of two Judges saying that she never had taken steroids. Another case was Australian Cricket hero Shane Warne who was banned for a year after taking diuretics. Another one was former West Coast Eagle champion, brownlow medallist, and premiership player Ben cousins who was banned from playing football for taking cocaine and other banned substance. What is a drug? A drug is a substance (other than food) that when taken into the body, produces a change in it. If this change helps the body it is referred to as a medicine. If this hange harms the body, it is referred to as a poison. I think drugs in sport is terrible because these are highly paid professionals who are role models to so many kids and they are taking drugs to make them better at there chosen sport. These athletes are respected by there country and in my opinion should never be allowed to compete in there sport again. Some reasons an athlete might use drugs are the effects of the drug, physical dependence, easily available or they might be dissatisfied with there performance or progress, the environment, pressure to win from coach, parent, edia, public, financial reward, unrealistic qualifying standards or performance expectation. This is a list of some prohibited substances and doping methods: Stimulants Anabolic agent Non-steroidal Diuretic Many different sports have different policies on drugs. The AFL policy has been under a lot of scrutiny lately. The policy is as follows test: First positive Players enter treatment/education program coordinated by an AFL medical officer. The result is confidential to those involved in the treatment. Second positive test: Dealt with by and AFL medical officer with a view to further educating, counselling and treating the player. Third positive test: Player is deemed to have breeched an AFL rule and will face the tribunal if found guilty player may be suspended between 0-12 matches Fourth Positive test: Player will face tribunal and be suspended for no less than 6 weeks. I think this policy is way to easy on the players because they have so many chances. I think the player should have one chance and then be kicked out of the AFL for at least a year. Doping in Sport and the AFL Policy on Drugs By amdeep

Themes of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein :: essays research papers

There are many themes in the story Frankenstein by Mary Shelley. Some of them are abandonment, neglect, revenge, and scientific knowledge, which are all related to each other in this novel. Throughout the story you discover that a man named Victor Frankenstein wants to create a human life. He does not think through the repercussions of his desire only that he wants the power to create. After Frankenstein creates his creature, he is so frightened and disgusted by the creature?s appearance that he abandons it. In conclusion, Frankenstein abandons his creature because of its appearance. To the creature, Frankenstein is his father and when he left him, he felt neglected and abandoned. The creature did not know how to take care of himself and was given no direction or leadership. He left not knowing where he would go or how he would survive. Frankenstein abandoned his creature as if it were an animal. When Frankenstein abandoned his creature, he didn't even think how the creature felt, he just deserted him. In other words, the creatures abandonment was neglect to its best interest. The creature?s hatred grew from neglect and abandonment. Every person he came in contacted with immediately shunned him. Nobody could look past his horrifying appearance to see what was inside. His hatred then turned into revenge against his creator. The creature wanted Frankenstein to feel what he felt. This is where the revenge takes place and the creature killed everyone Frankenstein loved. The way people treated the creature just by his outwardly appearance is the way society in general views and treats people even today. Society is unjust and cruel at times to people who are less pretty, less thin, less attractive in general. The creature felt this every day of his life and lost the love of his creator and never found a suitable life partner all due to society shunning the less outwardly beautiful. Basically, the treatment from not only Frankenstein but also society led the creature to seek revenge on the one who created him. Knowledge can be both good and bad. Frankenstein felt that the study of science was greater than another other subject because you can go further than the scientist before you had gone. What Frankenstein failed to understand is just because one becomes knowledgeable in science and has the ability to create something or do something new does not mean it is morally right to proceed with the knowledge.

Master and Margarita-Religion Theme Essay

Religion is an ever-present theme in the novel Master and Margarita. Many of the characters neither believe in heaven nor hell, and they also refute the existence of God or the Devil (Satan). Throughout the novel, religion is used for characters to make sense of their realities. When Woland, the Devil himself, confronts some of the characters chaos ensues, and truth becomes unclear. In the beginning of the novel, two men by the names Mikhail Berlioz and Ivan Nikolayevich (whose pen name was Bezdomny) have a conversation about Jesus Christ. Berlioz attempts to prove that a man such as â€Å"Jesus, as an individual, had never existed on earth at all and that all the stories about him were mere fabrications, myths of the standard kind.† [Bulgakov, 5] As the men continue their conversation, Woland, who appears as a mere foreigner joins the conversation. He tells the men that he met Pontius Pilate, and the two believe Woland to be crazy. Without knowing about Woland’s true identity, Berlioz denies the existence of God or Satan, and explains that a large portion of his population is in fact atheist. Woland predicts Berlioz’s death at the end of the conversation, and he continues on, wreaking havoc amongst many other people. This theme of religion and religious imagery continues throughout the story, such as the glimpse we get into the mind of Pontius Pilate before Jesus (Yeshua Ga-Nostri) is sentenced to death. Bulgakov portrays a side not often seen of Pilate in religious and historical accounts. Later on, Woland is creating chaos in other character’s lives. He draws out people’s flaws and evil tendencies that already existed within them, and he makes a mockery of those flaws. Woland himself is proving that he exists. As the story progresses, we meet the Master, a writer who mental state is unstable. He wrote about Pontius Pilate, and his writing was severely criticized. He burns his manuscripts hoping to never see them again, however Woland can make them re-appear instantly. Woland helps the Master come to his senses by request of Master’s lover, Margarita. Although many would see Woland (Satan) simply as an evil creature, it is revealed in the novel that his character is so much more. Woland appears to be the most rational character, and he is more complex than the others. This is a completely different way of seeing the normal religious story, and the typical roles that God and Satan play. In the end, it is as if nothing has ever happened and memory has failed the characters. The existence of God and Satan, Jesus and Pontius Pilate, are all still in question. After all the events that occurred throughout the novel, no one knows what is true and what is not. Religion in this novel serves to figure out the truth. The religious stories are used by characters to either refute, or support the existence of certain religious figures. Bulgakov’s use of these religious accounts, stories, and figures frame the novel and without it, the story could not function. It is the same as in Hillis Miller’s article, Narrative. The reasons that this novel needs religion are for the same reasons we, as readers need literature. It helps to give us guidelines, warnings, and explanations for the world around us.

Linguistic Arbitrariness

In linguistics, arbitrariness  is the absence of any natural or necessary connection between a words meaning and its sound or form. An antithesis to  sound symbolism, which does exhibit an apparent connection between sound and sense, arbitrariness is one of the characteristics shared between all languages. As R.L. Trask points out in ​Language: The Basics: the overwhelming presence of arbitrariness in language is the chief reason it takes so long to learn the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹vocabulary  of a foreign language. This is largely due to confusion over similar-sounding words in a secondary language.​ Trask goes on to use the example of trying to guess the names of creatures in a foreign language based on the sound and form alone, providing a list of Basque words — zaldi, igel, txori, oilo, behi, sagu, which mean horse, frog, bird, hen, cow, and mouse respectively — then observing that arbitrariness is not unique to humans but instead exists within all forms of communication.   Language Is Arbitrary   Therefore, all language can be assumed to be arbitrary, at least in this linguistic definition of the word, despite occasional iconic characteristics. Instead of universal rules and uniformity, then, language relies on associations of word meanings deriving from cultural conventions. To break this concept down further, linguist Edward Finegan wrote in Language: Its Structure and Use  about the difference between nonarbitrary and arbitrary semiotic signs through an observation of a mother and son burning rice. Imagine a parent trying to catch a few minutes of the televised evening news while preparing dinner, he writes. Suddenly a strong aroma of burning rice wafts into the TV room. This nonarbitrary sign  will send the parent scurrying to salvage dinner. The little boy, he posits, might also signal to his mother that the rice is burning by saying something like The rice is burning! However, Finegan argues that while the utterance is likely to elicit the same result of the mother checking on her cooking, the words themselves are arbitrary — it is a set of facts about  English  (not about burning rice) that enables the utterance to alert the parent, which makes the utterance an arbitrary  sign. Different Languages, Different Conventions As a result of languages reliance on cultural conventions, different languages naturally have different conventions, that can and do change — which is part of the reason that there are different languages in the first place! Second language learners must, therefore, learn each new word individually as its generally impossible to guess the meaning of an unfamiliar word — even when given clues to the words meaning.   Even linguistic rules are considered to be slightly arbitrary. However, Timothy Endicott writes in ​The Value of Vagueness that: with all norms of language, there is a good reason to have such norms for the use of words in such ways. That good reason is that it is actually necessary to do so to achieve the coordination that enables communication, self-expression and all the other priceless benefits of having a language.